Mallon perissotero apo 1%...
Sto UNIX yparxoyn kapoies eyrews xrhsimopoioumenes efarmoges gia thn dhmioyrgia paketwn (archives) kai th sympiesh arxeiwn. To tar
xrhsimopoieitai gia thn kataskeyh paketwn - opws to PKZIP
h to Winzip
me th diafora oti den sympiezei, apla «paketarei». Gia na ftiajete ena neo paketo:
$ tar -cvf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> <file> [file...]
Gia na ejagete (extract) arxeia apo ena paketo:
$ tar -xpvf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> [file...]
Gia na deite ta periexomena enos paketoy:
$ tar -tf <onoma_arxeiou.tar> | less
Mporeite na sympiesete me to compress
, to opoion einai pleon aphrxaiwmeno kai kalon einai na mh xrhsimopoieitai pleon, kai me to gzip
:
$ compress <arxeio>
$ gzip <arxeio>
Etsi dhmioyrgeitai ena sympiesmeno arxeio me katalhjh .Z
(apo to compress
) h
.gz
(apo to gzip
). Ayta ta programmata mporoun na sympiesoyn mono ena arxeio ka8e fora. Gia thn aposympiesh:
$ compress -d <arxeio.Z>
$ gzip -d <arxeio.gz>
RMP.
Yparxoyn epishs ta programmata unarj
, zip
kai unzip
(symbata me to PK??ZIP) . Arxeia me katalhjh .tar.gz
h .tgz
(paketarismena me tar
, en synexeia sympiesmena me gzip
) einai toso syxna sto UNIX oso kai ta arxeia .ZIP sto DOS. Gia na deite ta periexomena enos arxeioy .tar.gz
:
$ tar -ztf <arxeio.tar.gz> | less
Kat' arxas na dieykrinisoyme kati: h egkatastash efarmogwn einai ypo8esh toy root. Oi perissoteres efarmoges toy Linux dianemontai ws paketa .tar.gz
, poy kata kanona periexoyn enan katalogo me katallhlo onoma periexonta arxeia kai/h ypokatalogoys. Enas kalos kanonas einai na egka8istate ayta ta paketa apo to /usr/local
me thn entolh
# tar -zxf <archive.tar.gz>
kai en synexeia diabazontas to arxeio README h INSTALL. Stis perissoteres periptwseis, h efarmogh dianemetai ws phgaios kwdikas, ton opoio 8a prepei na metaglwttisete· synh8ws, arkei na plhktrologhsete make
kai meta make install
. An to paketo (archive) periexei to senario configure
, trejte to prohgoymenws. Profanws, 8a xreiasteite to metaglwttisth gcc
h g++
.
Alla paketa prepei na «anoix8oun» (unpack) ston katalogo /· etsi symbainei me ta paketa .tgz
toy Slackware. Alla paketa periexoyn ta arxeia, alla oxi mesa se ypokatalogo, opote prepei na prosexete gia na mhn mplexteite. Pantote na blepete ta periexomena enos paketoy prin to egkatasthsete.
To Debian kai to Red Hat exoyn tis dikes toys morfes paketwn, ta .deb
kai .rpm
antistoixws. To teleytaio malista xairei eyreias apodoxhs. Gia na egkatasthsete ena paketo rpm
plhktrologeiste
# rpm -i package.rpm
Kulish pros ta pisw: patwntas <SHIFT + PAG UP> (to gkrizo plhktro) mporeite na kylate pros ta pisw (backscroll) merikes selides, analogws posh mnhmh video exete dia8esimh.
Ka8arismos ths o8onhs: an xrhsimopoihsete tis more
h cat
se ena dyadiko arxeio (binary file), h o8onh sas pi8anws na gemisei me skoypidia. Gia na to dior8wsete plhktrologeiste (xwris na blepete) (blind type) reset
h thn parakatw seira xarakthrwn: echo CTRL-V ESC c RETURN
.
Epikollhsh keimenoy: gia thn konsola, deite katw8i· otan eiste sto X, pathste me to pontiki (click) kai meta surte gia na epilejete keimeno se ena para8yro xterm
kai sth synexeia pathste to mesaio plhktro toy pontikiou (h kai ta duo taytoxronws an exete pontiki duo plhktrwn) gia na epikollhsete. Yparxei akomh kai to xclipboard
(dystyxws mono gia keimeno), omws mh mperdeyteite apo thn argh toy apodosh.
Xrhsh toy pontikiou: an exete egkatasthsei ton gpm
, enan odhgo pontikiou gia thn konsola, mporeite na pathsete kai na surete (click and drag) gia na epilejete keimeno kai meta deji klik gia na epikollhsete to epilegen keimeno. Leitoyrgei anamesa stis phgaies konsoles (VC).
Mhnumata toy pyrhna: rijte mia matia sto /var/adm/messages
h /var/log/messages
ws root gia na deite ti exei na sas pei o pyrhnas, symperilambanomenwn twn mhnymatwn ekkinhsews. Isws breite praktikh thn entolh dmesg
.
An anarwtieste pou 8a breite efarmoges gia to Linux sas gia na antikatasthsete aytes poy xrhsimopoiousate sto DOS/Win sas proteinw toys basikous topoys logismikou gia Linux: ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux, ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux, kai ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux. Alloi kaloi topoi gia arxh einai o «`Linux Applications and Utilities Page» http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml, kai h «epishmh» istoselida toy Linux http://www.linux.org.
To Linux mporei na kanei polla pragmata poy gia ta DOS/Windows htan fortika, duskola h akomh adunata. Idou kapoies eykolies poy mporeite na geyteite:
at
sas epitrepei na trexete programmata se mia sygkekrimenh xronikh stigmh·
awk
einai mia aplh, alla dynath glwssa poy sas epitrepei na metaxeirizeste arxeia dedomenwn kai oxi mono. Paradeigmatos xarin, an data.dat
einai ena arxeio dedomenwn me polla pedia, tote h entolh
$ awk '$2 ~ "abc" {print $1, "\t", $4}' data.dat
typwnei ta pedia 1 kai 4 ka8emias grammhs toy data.dat
ths opoias to deutero pedio periexei ta «abc»·
cron
einai polu xrhsimo gia na ektelei diafores ergasies periodikws, se sygkekrimenh hmeromhnia kai wra. Plhktrologeiste man 5 crontab
·
file <onoma_arxeioy>
sas leei ti eidoys arxeio einai to onoma_arxeioy (keimeno ASCII, ektelesimo, paketo klp)·
find
(deite epishs ton Tomea
Katalogoi: Metafrash Entolwn) einai mia apo tis pio dynates kai xrhsimes entoles. Xrhsimopoieitai gia na briskei arxeia poy apantoun se orismena xarakthristika kai na ektelei ergasies se ayta. H genikh xrhsh ths find
einai:
$ find <directory> <ekfrash>
opoy h <ekfrash> periexei krithria ereynas kai ergasies. Paradeigmata:
$ find . -type l -exec ls -l {} \;
briskei osa arxeia einai symbolikoi desmoi kai typwnei to arxeio sto opoio deixnoyn.
$ find / -name "*.old" -ok rm {} \;
briskei ola ta arxeia toy zhtoumenoy eidoys kai ta diagrafei, zhtwntas prwta thn adeia sas.
$ find . -perm +111
briskei ola ta arxeia me dikaiwma (permission) 111 (ektelesima).
$ find . -user root
briskei ola ta arxeia poy anhkoyn ston root. Ayth exei polles dynatothtes - RMP·
grep
briskei protypa keimenoy (text patterns) sta arxeia. Gia paradeigma, h
$ grep -l "geology" *.tex
briskei ta arxeia *.tex poy periexoyn thn lejh «geology». H parallagh ths, zgrep
, leitoyrgei sta sympiesmena arxeia gzip. RMP·
^a[^a-m]X{4,}txt$
briskei mia grammh poy jekina me `a', akoloy8ei opoiosdhpote xarakthras ektos aytwn toy diasthmatos a-m, akoloy8oun tessera h perissotera `X', kai teleiwnei se `txt'. Mporeite na xrhsimopoihsete synh8eis ekfraseis me aneptygmenoys syntaktes, opws o less
, kai se polles efarmoges. Gia mia eisagwgh plhktrologeiste man grep
· script <onoma_senarioy>
stelnei ta periexomena ths o8onhs sto onoma_senarioy
ews otoy dwsete thn entolh exit
. Xrhsimh gia aposfalmatwsh·
sudo
epitrepei stoys xrhstes na ekteloun kapoies apo tis leitoyrgies toy root (p.x. diamorfwsh kai prosarmogh diskwn· RMP)·
uname -a
sas dinei plhrofories gia to susthma·
zcat
kai zless
epitrepoyn thn perihghsh kai piping se gzip-arismena
arxeia, xwris thn prohgoumenh aposympiesh toys. Gia paradeigma:
$ zless textfile.gz
$ zcat textfile.gz | lpr
bc, cal, chsh, cmp,
cut, fmt, head, hexdump, nl, passwd, printf, sort, split, strings, tac,
tail, tee, touch, uniq, w, wall, wc, whereis, write, xargs, znew.
RMP.
Einai apisteyto, alla yparxoyn ejaireta ergaleia poy prosferoyn ena UNIX-oeides periballon sto DOS/Windows! Ena apo ayta einai h soyita Djgpp ( http://www.delorie.com/djgpp) gia DOS, enw to to Cygnus ( http://www.cygnus.com) einai mia polyplokoterh metafora sto Win32. Amfotera periexoyn ta idia ergaleia anaptyjhs GNU me to Linux· par' ola ayta de 8a exete thn idia sta8erothta kai apodosh...
An 8elete na parete mia geush apo to Linux, dokimaste to Djgpp. Katebaste kai egkatast eiste ta parakatw arxeia (th stigmh poy grafw ayto, h teleytaia ekdosh einai h 2.02):
djdev202.zip, bnu281b.zip, bsh1147b.zip, fil316b.zip, find41b.zip,
grep22b.zip, gwk303b.zip, lss332b.zip, shl112b.zip.
. Parexontai odhgies egkatastashs kai peraiterw boh8eia mporeite na breite ston topo
news:comp.os.msdos.djgpp.
Eidikotera, h xrhsh toy bash
sto DOSWin einai megalh anakoufish. Gia na to ry8misete katallhlws, dior8wste to parexomeno arxeio BOOT.BAT
wste na apeikonizei thn egkatastash sas, kai sth synexeia topo8eteiste ayta ta arxeia ston oikeio katalogo sas (sth diamerish twn Windows ) anti aytwn poy parexontai:
# this is _bashrc
LS_OPTIONS="-F -s --color=yes"
alias cp='cp -i'
alias d='ls -l'
alias l=less
alias ls="ls $LS_OPTIONS"
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias u='cd ..'
# this is _bprof
if [ -f ~/_bashrc ]; then
. ~/_bashrc
fi
PS1='\w\$ '
PS2='> '
CDPATH="$CDPATH:~"
# stuff for less(1)
LESS="-M-Q" # makrys dromeas, siwphlos
LESSEDIT="%E ?lt+%lt. %f" # dior8wsh prwths grammhs
VISUAL="jed" # syntakths
LESSCHARSET=latin1 # kalyterh orash tonismenwn grammatwn
export PS1 PS2 CDPATH LS_OPTIONS LESS LESSEDIT LESSOPEN VISUAL LESSCHARSET
8a synanthsete diafores epektaseis arxeiwn. Ejairwntas tis pio spanies (p.x. grammatoseires klp), aytes einai:
1 ... 8
: selides egxeiridioy (man pages). Diabaste tis me
groff -Tascii -man <arxeio.1>
·
arj
: paketa kataskeyasmena me arj
·
dvi
: arxeio paragomeno apo to TeX (bl. parakatw). Xrhsimopoieiste xdvi
gia na to deite, dvips
gia na to trecete se arxeio PostScript .ps
·
gz
: paketa kataskeyasmena me gzip
·
info
: arxeia info (kati san enallaktika twn man pages). Deite tis me
info
·
lsm
: Linux Software Map file. Einai apla arxeia ASCII poy periexoyn thn perigrafh enos paketoy·
ps
: arxeio PostScript. Gia na to deite h na to typwsete xrhsimopoieiste to gs
kai enallaktika ghostview
h gv
·
rpm
: paketa Red Hat. Mporeite na ta egkatasthsete se ka8e susthma me ton diaxeiristh paketwn rpm
·
taz, tar.Z
: paketa, kataskeyasmena me tar
kai sympiesmena me compress
·
tgz, tar.gz
: paketa kataskeyasmena me tar
kai sympiesmena me gzip
·
tex
: arxeio keimenoy pros eisagwgh sto TeX, ena pantodunamo susthma stoixeio8esias. «Tsimphste» to paketo tex
, dia8esimo se polles dianomes·
texi
: arxeio texinfo, mporei na dhmioyrghsei toso TeX oso kai info arxeia (info
). Parte to texinfo
·
xbm, xpm, xwd
: arxeio grafikwn·
Z
: paketo kataskeyasmeno me compress
·
An xreiazeste na metaferete arxeia anamesa sto DOS/Win kai to Linux, exete yp' och to problhma «teloys grammhs» («end of line» problem). Sto DOS, ka8e grammh keimenoy teleiwnei me CR/LF (dhladh ASCII 13 + ASCII 10), enw sto Linux me LF. An dior8wsete ena arxeio toy DOS mesa apo to Linux, pi8anotata ka8e grammh 8a teleiwnei me ena periergo «M»· ena arxeio keimenoy toy Linux sto DOS 8a fainetai san ws mia aplh xiliometrikh grammh xwris paragrafoys. Gia th swsth metatroph twn arxeiwn yparxoyn kapoia ergaleia, ta dos2unix
kai unix2dos
.
An exete arxeia mono keimenoy poy periexoyn tonismenoys xarakthres, sigoyreyteite oti exoyn ginei mesa apo ta Windows (me Notepad) kai oxi se aplo DOS· diaforetika, oloi oi tonismenoi xarakthres 8a mperdeytoun.
H metatroph arxeiwn Word h WordPerfect se aplo keimeno einai dynath, an kai kapws epikindynh. 8a xreiasteite kapoio apo ta ergaleia poy yparxoyn stoys topoys toy CTAN· enas einai o
ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk. Katebaste to programma word2x
apo ton katalogo /pub/tex/tools/, h dokimaste kapoio apo ta programmata toy katalogoy /pub/tex/support/. Eidikotera, to word2x
metatrepei arxeia Word 6, enw gia arxeia toy Word 97 8a xreias8eite to mswordview
(
http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/MSWordView.html) poy ta trepei se HTML.
An h metatroph arxeiwn den einai arketh, exete th dynatothta na by8istei-te se ena (eleu8ero! paketo, paromoio toy Microsoft Office.
H soyita StarOffice einai eleu8erh gia idiwtikh xrhsh. Einai megalh, kapws argh, alla par' ol' ayta polu kalh: prosferei dynatothtes poy den yparxoyn sto Microsoft Office. Akomh, mporei na diabasei kai na gracei arxeia twn Word kai Excel files, an kai h metatroph den einai pantote teleia. Istoselida: http://www.stardivision.com. (S.t.M.: h selida exei pleon allajei, meta thn ejagora ths StarDivision apo thn Sun, kai pleon einai http://www.sun.com/staroffice)
Allo kalo paketo einai to Corel WordPerfect, mia eleu8erh ekdosh toy opoioy parexetai sto Diadiktyo. Na pw ki alla; Tsimphste to! http://www.corel.com.